Poison - Wikipedia. In biology, poisons are substances that cause disturbances in organisms, usually by chemical reaction or other activity on the molecular scale, when an organism absorbs a sufficient quantity. Toxins are poisons produced by organisms in nature, and venoms are toxins injected by a bite or sting (this is exclusive to animals). The difference between venom and other poisons is the delivery method. Industry, agriculture, and other sectors use poisons for reasons other than their toxicity. Pesticides are one group of substances whose toxicity is their prime purpose. In 2. 01. 3, 3. 3 million cases of unintentional poisonings occurred. Only the dose makes a thing not a poison. Substances not legally required to carry the label . A distinction between the two terms is not always observed, even among scientists. The derivative forms . In normal usage, a poisonous organism is one that is harmful to consume, but a venomous organism uses venom to kill its prey or defend itself while still alive. A single organism can be both poisonous and venomous, but that is rare. Even down to my birth-century that poison was still in the blood of Christendom, and the best of English com- moners was still content to see his inferiors impudently. The term 'poison' is often used colloquially to describe any harmful substance—particularly corrosive substances, carcinogens, mutagens, teratogens and. RITA ORA - Poison RitaOraVEVO. Subscribe Subscribed Unsubscribe 1,272,371 1M. Want to watch this again later? Poison new music, concerts, photos, and official news updates directly from Poison's Twitter and Facebook. For an example, see nuclear poison. Environmentally hazardous substances are not necessarily poisons, and vice versa. For example, food- industry wastewater. For instance, several kilograms worth of water would constitute a lethal dose. Many substances used as medications. An alternative classification distinguishes between lethal substances that provide a therapeutic value and those that do not. Poisoning. Symptoms develop in close relation to the exposure. Absorption of a poison is necessary for systemic poisoning. In contrast, substances that destroy tissue but do not absorb, such as lye, are classified as corrosives rather than poisons. Furthermore, many common household medications are not labeled with skull and crossbones, although they can cause severe illness or even death. In the medical sense, poisoning can be caused by less dangerous substances than those legally classified as a poison. Chronic poisoning is long- term repeated or continuous exposure to a poison where symptoms do not occur immediately or after each exposure. Poison is an American rock band that achieved great commercial success in the mid-1980s to the mid-1990s. Poison has sold over 50 million records worldwide and has. A substance that is capable of causing the illness or dea. Meaning, pronunciation, example sentences, and more from Oxford Dictionaries. The patient gradually becomes ill, or becomes ill after a long latent period. Chronic poisoning most commonly occurs following exposure to poisons that bioaccumulate, or are biomagnified, such as mercury, gadolinium, and lead. Contact or absorption of poisons can cause rapid death or impairment. Agents that act on the nervous system can paralyze in seconds or less, and include both biologically derived neurotoxins and so- called nerve gases, which may be synthesized for warfare or industry. Inhaled or ingested cyanide, used as a method of execution in gas chambers, almost instantly starves the body of energy by inhibiting the enzymes in mitochondria that make ATP. Intravenous injection of an unnaturally high concentration of potassium chloride, such as in the execution of prisoners in parts of the United States, quickly stops the heart by eliminating the cell potential necessary for muscle contraction. Most biocides, including pesticides, are created to act as poisons to target organisms, although acute or less observable chronic poisoning can also occur in non- target organisms (secondary poisoning), including the humans who apply the biocides and other beneficial organisms. For example, the herbicide 2,4- D imitates the action of a plant hormone, which makes its lethal toxicity specific to plants. Indeed, 2,4- D is not a poison, but classified as . Many drug molecules are made toxic in the liver, and the genetic variability of certain liver enzymes makes the toxicity of many compounds differ between individuals. Exposure to radioactive substances can produce radiation poisoning, an unrelated phenomenon. Management. The pressure bandage prevents the poison being pumped throughout the body, and the hot water breaks it down. This treatment, however, only works with poisons composed of protein- molecules. Gastric decontamination can involve activated charcoal, gastric lavage, whole bowel irrigation, or nasogastric aspiration. Routine use of emetics (syrup of Ipecac), cathartics or laxatives are no longer recommended. It is usually administered when the patient is in the emergency room or by a trained emergency healthcare provider such as a Paramedic or EMT. However, charcoal is ineffective against metals such as sodium, potassium, and lithium, and alcohols and glycols; it is also not recommended for ingestion of corrosive chemicals such as acids and alkalis. There are two types of cathartics used in poisoned patients; saline cathartics (sodium sulfate, magnesium citrate, magnesium sulfate) and saccharide cathartics (sorbitol). They do not appear to improve patient outcome and are no longer recommended. The liquid is then removed along with the contents of the stomach. Lavage has been used for many years as a common treatment for poisoned patients. However, a recent review of the procedure in poisonings suggests no benefit. This procedure is mainly used for liquid ingestions where activated charcoal is ineffective, e. This is achieved by giving the patient large amounts of a polyethylene glycol solution. The osmotically balanced polyethylene glycol solution is not absorbed into the body, having the effect of flushing out the entire gastrointestinal tract. Its major uses are to treat ingestion of sustained release drugs, toxins not absorbed by activated charcoal (e. Poisons are widely used in industry and agriculture, as chemical reagents, solvents or complexing reagents, e. They are less common in household use, with occasional exceptions such as ammonia and methanol. For instance, phosgene is a highly reactive nucleophile acceptor, which makes it an excellent reagent for polymerizing diols and diamines to produce polycarbonate and polyurethane plastics. For this use, millions of tons are produced annually. However, the same reactivity makes it also highly reactive towards proteins in human tissue and thus highly toxic. In fact, phosgene has been used as a chemical weapon. It can be contrasted with mustard gas, which has only been produced for chemical weapons uses, as it has no particular industrial use. Biocides need not be poisonous to humans, because they can target metabolic pathways absent in humans, leaving only incidental toxicity. For instance, the herbicide 2,4- dichlorophenoxyacetic acid is a mimic of a plant growth hormone, which causes uncontrollable growth leading to the death of the plant. Humans and animals, lacking this hormone and its receptor, are unaffected by this, and need to ingest relatively large doses before any toxicity appears. Human toxicity is, however, hard to avoid with pesticides targeting mammals, such as rodenticides. The risk from toxicity is also distinct from toxicity itself. For instance, the preservative thiomersal used in vaccines is toxic, but the quantity administered in a single shot is negligible. History. Poison's lethal effect can be combined with its allegedly magical powers; an example is the Chinesegu poison. Poison was also employed in gunpowder warfare. For example, the 1. Chinese text of the Huolongjing written by Jiao Yu outlined the use of a poisonous gunpowder mixture to fill cast irongrenade bombs. Retrieved December 2. Global Burden of Disease Study 2. Collaborators (2. August 2. 01. 5). Lancet (London, England). Paracelsus: Von der Besucht, Dillingen, 1. Hutchinson DA, Mori A, Savitzky AH, Burghardt GM, Wu X, Meinwald J, Schroeder FC (2. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol. World Health Organization. Retrieved Nov 1. 1, 2. Causes of Injuries Treated in the Emergency Department, 2. HCUP Statistical Brief #1. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. Chamola, Kautilya Arthshastra and the Science of Management: Relevance for the Contemporary Society, p. ISBN 8. 1- 7. 87. Kautilya urged detailed precautions against assassination. Contrasting The Prince with the Arthashastra of Kautilya. Critical Horizons, vol. Brill Academic Publishers. ISSN 1. 44. 0- 9. Print) 1. 56. 8- 5. Online). doi: 1. 0. Needham, Joseph (1. Science and Civilization in China: Volume 5, Part 7. Taipei: Caves Books, Ltd. Page 1. 80. External links.
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